在欧洲文学史上，法国小说家斯丹达尔（1783～1842）占有重要地位。他的代表作品长篇小说《红与黑》，是批判现实主义文学的奠基作。《红与黑》在许多方面都显示出新的趋向和追求。1、它描写典型环境，刻画典型性格，并重视2者的联系。斯丹达尔把环境描写同于连的性格塑造联系起来。作品中描写的3个重要环境——唯利是图的维里埃市、虚伪阴险的神学院、腐朽反动的拉莫尔侯爵府，体现了王朝复辟时期的社会全景和时代风尚，是于连性格形成和发展的依据，使得他矛盾复杂的性格显得更真实、更可信、更具典型性。2、斯丹达尔善于根据人物的社会地位和生活环境细致地描写人物心理，并通过展示人物的内心世界刻画人物性格。3、完整、严密的情节结构也是《红与黑》艺术上的特色。小说以于连的活动为主线，以他的两次恋爱为情节发展的关键，集中描写了他从平民社会爬向特权阶层的过程。小说的结构自然分成3个层次：由外省小城到省会神学院，再到首都贵族社会，由低到高、由下而上，清楚、严密而又完整。4、《红与黑》作为批判现实主义文学的政论性。作为1830年的法国人斯丹达尔不能不谈政治。观其全篇，作者展示给我们1幅法国王朝复辟时期的的历史画卷，我们不懂政治，却也感受了政治……等等，这些特色都是《红与黑》经久不衰的原因。
关键词：心理描写；典型环境中的典型性格；情节结构；政论性
 

ABSTRACT

In the European history of literature, French writer of fiction Stendhal (1,783 ~ 1,842) hold the important status. His representative the work novel "Le Rouge et le Noir" is the critical realism literature lays a foundation does. " Le Rouge et le Noir " in many aspects all demonstrated new goods come into the market trend and pursue1, It describes the typical environment, the portray typical disposition, and takes the two the relation. Stendhal with mold the environment description Julien disposition relate. In the work describes three important environment - are concerned only about profit the Virial Egypt city, the false sinister theological school, decayed reactionary marquis Larmor the government office, has manifested the dynasty restoration time social panoram and the time prevailing custom, is forms that the disposition  of Julien  with the development basis, causes he contradictory complex disposition really, to appear is more credible, has the typical nature. 2,Stendhal are good at according to characters social position and the living conditions carefully describe the character psychology, and through demonstrated characters innermost feelings world portrays the character disposition. 3,Complete, the strict plot structure also is " Le Rouge et le Noir " in the artistic characteristic. The novel take in the continually activity as a master line, take his two loves as the plot development key, the centralism described him to crawl from the common people society to the privileged stratum process. The novel structure divides into three levels naturally: From other provinces small town to the provincial capital theological school, to the capital aristocrat society, from bottow to top,  clear, strict but also is again complete. 4,You had no alternative but to discuss politics as 1830 French Stendhal View its entire, the author demonstrated for us a French dynasty restoration time the historical picture scroll, we do not understand politics, also has felt politics actually... ... And so on all these characteristics are  " Le Rouge et le Noir " the unfailing reason.      Key words: Psychological description; In typical environment typical disposition;
Plot structure; Political novel