根据APA格式,标题是用来组织文章,使得其有层次架构。APA格式规定了文章内“标题”的特定格式(1到5级),此详细内容可参阅《美国心理协会刊物手册》第五版的第113页,级数和格式如下:
第1级:置中大小写标题(Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)
第2级:置中、斜体、大小写标题(Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)
第3级:靠左对齐、斜体、大小写标题(Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading)
第4级:缩排、斜体、小写标题,最后加句号(Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period)
第5级:置中大写标题(CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING)
以下是参考文献中的一些用法。
APA格式规定“参考文献”部分的人名必须以姓氏的字母顺序来排列,包括姓氏的前缀。譬如,Martin de Rijke应被改成“De Rijke, M.”;Saif Al Falasi则改成“Al-Falasi, Saif.”。(阿拉伯文名字通常在姓氏和前缀之间加上连字号“−”,所以姓氏和前缀自成一体。)
纸本文献
单一作者著作的书籍:
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
两位作者以上合著的书籍:
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
文集中的文章:
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
期刊中的文章(非连续页码):
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章(连续页码):
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
月刊杂志中的文章:
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
报纸中的文章:
Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.
政府官方文献:
Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
线上文献
网络文章的打印版本
Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124.
电子期刊的文章(只有网络版的期刊)
Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址
电子短信(newsletter)的文章Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off
the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址
从大学课程或系上网站取得的文献
Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: 网页地址
论文小编认为,对于论文引用格式上来说,之所以设定不同的论文引用格式,是为了更好地规范领域或行业的论文发表,有一个好的标准进行统一,才能保证论文更好地被认可。上面主要对论文参考文献的格式进行了详细的介绍,希望能有一定的用处。