作者:王凤莲,陈仕珠,许松杰
【摘要】 目的 研究再次麻疹的发病特点和免疫学机制。方法 对连续诊治的36 例再次麻疹患者做流行病学及免疫情况调查,分析其临床特点。据临床表现分典型(TY)、轻型典型(MT)及轻型非典型(MAT)3型。用ELISA法检测患者急性期及25名有麻疹病史的麻疹密切接触者血清抗-麻疹病毒(MV) IgM、IgG和抗-风疹病毒IgM。结果 36例再次麻疹患者年龄12.5~27(16.1)岁,以13~16岁为多,占61.1%;其第一次患麻疹年龄1岁以内者27例(75.0%),而25名健康者中仅2例在1岁以内,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。性别间无明显差别。36例中MT 18例(50.0%),MAT 18例(50.0%),无TY麻疹,首诊均误诊。抗-MV IgM均阳性,抗-风疹病毒IgM均阴性。抗-MV IgG 滴度在1:200,1:300,1:400和1:600阳性者分别为7,14,12和3例,其中抗-MV IgG 水平≤1:300患者69.6%为MT麻疹;≥1:400阳性者83.3%为MAT。抗-MV IgG水平与病情呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。25名有麻疹病史者抗-MV IgG ≤1:400阳性者9例(36.0%),显著低于患者组(94.4%)(P<0.01)。结论 (1)1周岁内患麻疹者13年后抗体衰减至可再患麻疹。(2)再次麻疹患者因临床表现不典型及有麻疹病史而极易误诊,需检测抗-MV IgM阳性方可诊断。(3)发病及病情轻重主要取决于体内抗-MV IgG水平。
【关键词】 麻疹;临床表现;免疫
Clinical manifestations and immunological mechanism in patients with second measles
【Abstract】 Objective To study the clinical manifestations and immunological mechanism of second measles.Methods 36 cases with second measles were consecutively collected,and were investigated and observed for immunological condition and clinical manifestations.The patients were divided into the typical(TY),the mildly typical (MT)and the mildly atypical (MAT) measles.Anti-measles virus (MV) IgM,IgG and anti-rubella IgM in serum were tested using ELISA in all patients and 25 normal people who had measles history contacted closely with measles patients.Results (1)The age were 12.5~25(16.1) years old,of them 13~16 yrs were in 61.1%.The age of first measles within age of 12 months were in 27 cases(75.0%)in the patients and 2 case in 25 normal people respectively,and differentiation was marked between them(P<0.01). Of 36 MT and MAT measles were 50.0% and 50.0% respectively;and all were misdiagnosed when they saw doctor first. Anti-MV IgM were positive and anti-rubella IgM were negative in all subjects.The patients whose anti-IgG levels were in 1:200 ,1:300,1:400 and 1:600 positive were 7,14,12 and 3 cases,respectively ;of them whose anti-IgG levels were ≤1:300 positive were 69.6% with MT measles,and ≥1:400 were 83.3% with MAT.A significant negative correlation was found between anti-IgG level and severity of the disease(P<0.05).Anti-IgG level ≤1:400 in the patients and the normals were in 34 (94.4%)and 9 cases(36.0%),respectively (P<0.01).Conclusion (1)The people who caught measles within age of 12 months may catch second after 13 years old. (2)Second measles is very easy to be misdiagnosed because atypical manifestation and have a measles history,and a anti-MV IgM test is necessary for the diagnosis.(3)Catch measles and degrees of the disease mainly dependent on anti-MV IgG level.
【Key words】 measles;clinical manifestation;immune
麻疹,这一对人类危害大而持久的传染病,在广泛实施计划免疫的今天,其发病率已明显下降[1],但成人及不典型麻疹的发病比例则明显增加[2],尤其是再次麻疹,因其曾患过麻疹及临床表现不典型而每造成误诊或漏诊[3]。然而,人们对再次麻疹的发病特点所知甚少,对再次麻疹患者的临床表现与抗-麻疹病毒(MV)IgG水平的关系亦鲜有所知。本文分析了36例再次麻疹患者的临床表现及其与抗-MV IgG水平的关系,以期了解再次麻疹的发病特点及其免疫学机制,进而为及时诊断和采取防控措施、减少因麻疹引起的其他疾病[4]提供理论依据。
1 对象与方法
1.1 对象 从1999年3月~2005年12月连续收治在两所医院诊治的再次麻疹患者36例,占同期收治1079例麻疹患者的3.3%。其中男20例(55.6%),女16例(44.4%);年龄12.5~27岁,平均16.1岁。所有患者均排除了皮肤过敏或其他皮肤疾病。
1.2 临床分型 根据患者的临床表现及病情程度按以前的方法分为典型(TY)、轻型典型(MT)及轻型非典型(MAT) 麻疹3型[3]。
1.3 方法 对患者逐一做流行病学(麻疹病史及其发病时间等情况、麻疹疫苗接种史及接种时间等)调查,详细记录其症状、体征及有关检查结果等。所有患者除做常规实验室检查外,采用ELISA法检测急性期血清抗-麻疹病毒(MV)IgM、IgG及其滴度和抗-风疹病毒IgM。用同法随机抽检25名有麻疹病史、最近与麻疹患者密切接触(陪人或探视人员)的健康者抗-MV IgM、IgG。抗-MV IgM、IgG 及抗-风疹病毒IgM。试剂由北京福瑞生物工程有限公司提供,具体按说明书由1名高年资检验医师进行。
1.4 统计学处理 有关数据用χ2和直线相关显著性检验。
2 结果
所有患者均为第二次患麻疹,均未接种过麻疹减毒活疫苗,首诊均误诊,来院后均经检测抗-MV IgM阳性诊断。抗-风疹病毒IgM均阴性。
2.1 发病年龄和性别 见表1。12.5~16岁患者22例,占61.1%。
表1 再次麻疹患者发病年龄和性别
2.2 再次麻疹患者急性期血清抗-MV IgG水平及其与病情的关系 见表2。
表2 患者急性期血抗-MV IgG水平与病情的关系 例(%)
抗-MV IgG滴度与患者病情程度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。随机抽检的25名有麻疹病史、近期与麻疹患者密切接触而未患麻疹的健康者血清抗-MV IgM 、IgG均阳性。抗-MV IgG水平在1:300,1:400,1:600和1:800分别为2,7,12和4例。其中抗-MV IgG ≤1:400阳性者9例(36.0%),显著低于患者组(94.4%)(P<0.01)。所有36例再次麻疹患者均无并发症。
3 讨论
再次或二次麻疹的出现对多年来普遍认为的患麻疹后可获得终身免疫的认识提出挑战。再次麻疹和伴随疫苗出现的轻型麻疹、不典型麻疹,给麻疹的早期诊断和防控带来困难。以前的资料已表明[1~3],患1次麻疹或接种1次麻疹疫苗(如接种成功)对大多数人来说只能获得时限性保护[5,6]。所谓的终身免疫多数是在其体内抗体滴度较高,尚有足够保护作用时因接触麻疹而获得1次甚至多次自然隐性感染的机会使抗体得以补充并长期维持较高水平而已。对再次麻疹患者的发病特点及其与抗-MV IgG水平的关系怎样目前尚不十分清楚。
3.1 二次麻疹的发病特点和免疫学机制 (1)患病率低本资料中二次麻疹的患病率为所有麻疹患者的3.3%。表明绝大多数患过麻疹者有长期保护作用,但不是终身免疫。(2)[csz11]发病年龄为大龄儿童及青年成人,以12.5~16岁为多。根据有关资料及我们的观察[3,5],如初免成功一般可有效保护15年左右。本资料表明,1周岁内患麻疹后所获得的有效保护时间亦在此时间段。(3)病情轻。50%为病程不超过3天的MAT麻疹;无典型麻疹病例,无并发症。(4)误诊率高,散发病例如无抗- MV IgM检查结果仅据临床表现即便是高年资感染病