MP冲击治疗能够同时减少外周血白细胞INFγ, TNFα以及IL2三者mRNA的表达[14]. 在治疗过程中,IL2和INFγ的产生减少,但在治疗后24 h会回升到基线水平,但对细胞因子的某些影响可以持续到治疗后的数月. 细胞因子变化的趋势很复杂,MP在疾病的不同阶段对细胞因子的影响可能不同. 具体来说,与缓解期相比,在复发期MP有可能降低分泌IL2, IL2R, INFγ及IL4的细胞的浓度[15]. IL10主要是由单核细胞和Th2细胞分泌,能够抑制IL12的产生. MP能够上调抗炎细胞因子IL10的产生,其可能机制是在MP浓度较低时,单核细胞IL10的产生增加[16]. 矛盾的是,MP有可能减少抗炎因子IL6和IL8的产生[17]. IL6可诱导B细胞产生抗体,但奇怪的是,MP抑制IL6诱导的IgG抗体的产生,却增强IL6诱导的IgM抗体的产生[18].
3.5其他毒性物质的产生局部的炎症分子有可能破坏少突胶质细胞,其中之一就是NO. NO参于小胶质细胞吞噬少突胶质细胞的过程,且INFγ和TNFα都能在星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞中诱导iNO[18]. 目前,在MS病灶中已经发现iNOS的表达[19]. 而且,NO和TNFα都能破坏髓鞘并诱导巨噬细胞对髓鞘的吞噬作用[6]. 因此在炎症阶段有可能诱导少突胶质细胞为NO所破坏. 已经发现,在临床确诊的MS患者中NO的降解产物增加,且脑脊液中这些降解产物的高浓度与MS发作持续的时间长短有关. 在MP冲击治疗之后这些降解产物的浓度并不改变,但高浓度的这种降解物与更显著的治疗反应有关. 但MP治疗可以减少TNFα的产生,而TNFα发挥效应部分是通过激活致炎转录因子NFkB,进而上调iNOS的基因而产生毒性的. 因此MP治疗可以通过TNFα减少NO的产生,从而减少毒性效应.
4展望
从上述讨论不难看出, MP治疗MS可能主要是通过以下几个方面:导致异常自身活性的T细胞凋亡,减少异常自身活性的T细胞透过血脑屏障,影响CD4+T细胞在中枢神经系统内的激活,减少某些致炎细胞因子以及NO的产生等五大方面来发挥效应的. 然而,上述每一个治疗机制可能都是相互联系的,不能孤立看待. 比如,减少了异常活性T细胞透过血脑屏障的数目,自然会减轻CD4+T细胞在中枢神经系统中激活的程度,那么进而会减少致炎细胞因子的分泌,而TNFα分泌的减少又会减少iNOS的合成. 但这些治疗机制中谁处于主导地位,是否概括了所有的可能治疗机制,目前均不清楚,这需要未来进一步的研究.
【参考文献】
[1] Andersson PB, Goodkin DE. Glucocorticosteriod therapy for multiple sclerosis: A critical review[J]. J Neurol Sci, 1998,160:16-25.
[2] Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, et al. Multiple sclerosis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000,343:938-952.
[3] MartinezCaceres EM, Barrau MA, Brieva L, et al. Treatment with methylprednisolone in relapse of multiple sclerosis patients: Immunological evidence of immediate and shortterm but not longlasting effects[J]. Clin Exp Immunol, 2002,127:165-171.
[4] Verena I, Leussink, Stefan J, et al. Highdose Methylprednisolone therapy in multiple sclerosis induces apoptosis in peripheral blood leukocytes[J]. Arch Neurol, 2001,58:91-97.
[5] Zipp F, Wendling U, Beyer M, et al. Dual effect of gulcocorticoids on apoptosis of human autoreactive and foreign antigenspecific T cells[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2000,110:214-222.
[6] Conlon P, Oksenberg JR, Zhang J, et al. The immunobiology of multiple sclerosis: An antoimmune disease of central nervous system[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 1999,6:149-66.
[7] Elovaara I, Ukkonen M, Leppakynnas M, et al. Adhension molecules in multiple sclerosis: Relation to subtypes of disease and methylprednisolone therapy[J]. Arch Neurol, 2000,57:546-551.
[8] Gelati M, Corsini E, Dofour A, et al. Highdose methylprednisolone reduces cytokine induced adhesion molecules on human brain endothelium[J]. Can J Neurol Sci, 2000,27:241-244.
[9] Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T, Nakamura Y, et al. Methylprednisolone inhibits neutronphilendothelial cell interactions induced by interleukin1beta under flow conditions[J]. Life Sci, 1997,60:2341-2347.
[10] Vanderheyde N, Verhasselt V. Inhibition of human dendritic cell functions by methylprednisolone[J]. Transplantation, 1999,67:1342-1347.
[11] Ozenci V, Pashenkov M, Kouwenhoven M, et al. IL12/IL12R system in multiple sclerosis[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2001,114:242-252.
[12] Giedraitis V, He B, Huang WX, et al. Cloning and mutation analysis of the human IL18 promoter: A possible role of polymorphisms in expression regulation[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2001,112:146-152.
[13] Kodama M, Takahashi HK, Iwagaki H, et al. Effect of steroids on lipopolysaccharide/ interleukin 2induced interleukin18 production in peripheral blood leukocytes[J]. Arch Neuro, 2001,58:91-97.
[14] Leussink VI, Jun S, Merschdorf U, et al. High dose methylprednisolone therapy in multiple sclerosis induces apoptosis in peripheral blood leukocytes[J]. Arch Neurol, 2001,58:91-97.
[15] Yagi Y, Takahashi M, Nakamura Y, et al. Cytokintesecreting cells in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients treated with highdoes intravenous methylprednisolone[J]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 1997,37:575-579.
[16] Hodge S, Hodge G, Flower R, et al. Methylprednisolone upregulates monocyte interleukin10 production in stimulated whole blood[J]. Scan J Immunol, 1999,49:548-553.
[17] Kawamura T, Inada K, Nara N, et al. Influence of methylprednisolone on cytokine balance during cardiac surgery[J]. Crit Care Med, 1999,18:545-548.
[18] Stevens C, Lempert N, Freed BM. The effects of immunosuppressive agents on in vitro production of human immunoglobulins[J]. Transplantation, 1991,51:1240-1244.
[19] Xu J, Fan G, Chen S, et al. Methylprednisolone inhibition of TNFalpha expression and NFkB activation after spinal cord injury in rats[J]. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1998,59:135-142.