Topic(General statement,Para. 1):
Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult yet most rewarding experiences of my life.
Development(Specific statements):
1)My experience in junior middle school(Para. 2):
a kind and patient teacher who praised all of the students … positive method…eagerly answered questions,at the top of my class
2)My experience in senior middle school(Para. 3):
an(impatient)teacher…punished those who made mistakes…shaking it up and down…shouted…lose my eagerness / desire to say anything in English
3)My experience at college(Para. 4):
far from perfect…very large class and better students… feel intimidated… afraid to speak…at the same level forever
4)My experience with the online course(Para. 5~7):
require commitment and discipline …virtual classroom…practice all the time…cry with frustration…feel like giving up…reaped the benefits of hard work
Conclusion(Para. 8):
Learning a foreign language has been a most trying experience for me,but one that I wouldn’t trade for anything.
在学生清楚了解课文三部分层次的基础上,教师要求学生借助划线部分词和短语的帮助,把主干部分(即第二部分)的细节口头复述出来。
这样,在细节学习课文之前学生就已了解文章的大意,对语篇结构有了一个总体的把握。
(2)找出时间、空间标志词。在分析了文章结构的基础上,教师进一步引导学生体会文章的写作特色。文章是作者讲述自己一直以来学习英语的经历,很自然地就以时间为主线,按照时间、空间发展的先后顺序组织全文,其中用了不少表示时间和空间的词,要求学生找出来。典型的句子如下。
1)My experience with a foreign language began in junior middle school.(Para. 2)
2)When I went to senior middle school.(Para.3)
3)However,that state didn’t last long. When I went to college.(Para. 4)
4)That was the situation until a couple of years later,when ...participated in the virtual classroom.(Para. 5)
5)I had finally reaped the benefits of all that hard work.(Para. 7)
上述句子中加粗的词和短语表明了时间的推移,斜体部分标志着空间的变换,学生注意到这些词之后,对事件发展的整个过程就一清二楚了。
(3)词汇学习。运用语篇分析法进行课文教学并不意味着完全忽略对词、句的讲解,教师可以把这些讲解穿插在语篇分析中,甚至是以这些词、句为线索,引出整个语篇。在《Learning a Foreign Language》这篇文章中,作者在开头先阐明文章主旨:学习英语是我一生中最艰苦的(the most difficult)也是最有意义的(the most rewarding)经历之一,然后作者在展开的部分用了两组词分别支持了意义对立的两个词difficult和rewarding,要求学生找出来,其结果如下。
The group of “difficult”:frustrating,punish,shout,lose my eagerness / desire to say anything in English,very large,far from perfect,feel intimidated,afraid to speak,(my English)stay at the same level,cry with frustration,feel like giving up
The group of “rewarding”:well worth the effort,at the top of my class,eager to study,understand about everything,reap the benefits of all that hard work,teach me the value of hard work,give me insights into another culture,able to bridge the gap between cultures
学生在这种寻找词汇链的学习活动中,注意力从某个单词或单句转向了整个语篇,枯燥乏味的词汇学习变成了有意义的篇章学习,大大激发了学习积极性、主动性和创造性,从而有效地提高了课堂教学效率。
(4)语篇衔接分析。根据Halliday & Hasan的说法,[3] 语篇是一个语义的单位。任何一个语篇,要表达一个完整的意义,它的意思必须是连贯的。语篇意义的连贯可通过衔接手段来实现。衔接手段包括指代、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接。在阅读课文的过程中,提醒学生文章主要使用了连接手段来实现语篇的连贯。学生通过查找,不难发现作者用了一些表示转折意义的连词如yet、while、unlike、although、but把两组意思相对立的词连结起来,表达了一种对比的意义,突出了文章的主题,在上下文中起到了语篇连贯的作用。
4.归纳总结,布置作业
学习完课文之后,引导学生对记叙体文章的写作特色进行归纳。语篇的开头部分往往点明文章的主题,中间部分则是围绕着主题展开,结尾部分回应主题,其篇章结构是以事件发生的时间、空间的顺序为线索展开的。学生在掌握了此类题材的结构特点后,便有了跃跃欲试的冲动,教师要趁热打铁,布置学生课后仿照本文的结构写一篇记叙文,使学生得以学以致用。
三、结语
正如黄国文先生所说:“语篇分析可提高对语言使用的敏感性”。[1]学生通过对语篇的层次结构、主题思想的分析,能深层领会语篇内在的逻辑关系和作者的真正意图,从被动地接受知识到主动地获取知识,摆脱了对教师和教材的依赖,充分地发挥学生的主观能动性。实践证明,在大学英语课文教学中进行语篇分析,可极大地激发学生的学习兴趣和提高课堂效率。
参考文献:
[1]黄国文.语篇分析的理论与实践——广告语篇分析[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001:1-2.
[2]郑树棠.新视野大学英语读写教程1[M].第二版,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2007.
[3]Halliday,M.A.K.& Hasan,R.Cohesion in English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.