知识分子、民工、下岗工人的阶级关系分析三则(4)
作者:佚名; 更新时间:2014-12-10
ty, both civil and political. …An intellectual who joins the political party of a particular group is merged with the organic intellectuals of the group itself, and is linked tightly with the group. This takes place through participation in the life of the state only to a limited degree and often not at all. Indeed it happens that many intellectuals think that they are the state, a belief which, given the magnitude of the category, occasionally has important consequences and leads to unpleasant complications for the fundamental economic group which really is the state.
That all members of a political party should be regarded as intellectuals is an affirmation that can easily render itself to mockery and caricature. But if one thinks about it nothing could be more exact. A party might have a greater or lesser proportion of members in the higher grades or in the lower, but this is not the point. What matters is the function, which is directive and organizational, i.e. educative, i.e. intellectual.…
〖附2〗EtienneBalibar论知识分子、政党与无产阶级群众之间的关系
But the ‘party’ is a profound ambivalent form. The history of the working-class movement, from 1840s on, is a dialectic of the masses’ integration within and opposition to the party form. The existence of the working class as a political force has never been able to do without this form (even under other names), but neither has it been able to confine itself to it. In fact, the party form bears within itself a fundamental contradiction, which is precisely the source of its historical necessity. It is not only the form in which the working-class movement resists assimilation in to the dominant model of politics but also the form of in which it enters in to the model, with the goal of transforming it, like the Trojan horse. It is the only form in which the working class, and working people in general, can establish an organic relation with intellectuals in order to give body and structure to their own class (for no ‘working –class party’ has ever existed except as the relative and conflictual fusion of a portion of the working class with a determinate group of intellectuals). Conversely, it is the only form in which intellectuals, the more or less disciplined and controlled ‘products’ of the development of the bourgeois state, can establish a new social and institutional relation with ‘productive’ workers.〖《群众、阶级、观念》,同上,152页〗
In the period of the First International, Marx was the strategic arbitrator of a very embryonic movement, bit only as a mediator and arbitrator of conflicts between tendencies in the organization, not as a theoretician of the capitalist mode of production. …Marx and above all Engels were officially in charge of the party’s theoretical direction but not, strictly speaking, of its political direction, which was in the hands of the ‘organic intellectuals’ of the party apparatus, with whom they found themselves in a constantly ambivalent relation of conflict and mutual use, both trying to ‘unite’ with the working masses.…The working class becomes the blind spot of its own politics, leaving the field free for messianic ideologization.〖同上,154-5页〗
In political terms, this implies not an absolute separation or natural antagonism of knowledge and decision, or organization, but the impossibility of the total ‘fusion’, acquired once and for all, of theoretical and strategic functions. If it is the encounter, or the conflict, between theory, or rather between theories and practices, that gives rise to both knowledge and ‘politics,’ then it is certainly necessary, from time to time at least, that theory be produced outside the organization. It may even be that there are more opportunities—and not fewer—within this parallelism for the social division of labor to evolve, and that theory (as social activity) will increasingly cease to be a monopoly of individuals or of castes, a business for intellectuals, in short, for those Marx, in the beginning, called ‘ideologists.’ For if proletarians or more generally, the people from below are no longer portrayed either as completely lacking ideology (Illusionslos) or as the potential bearers, by nature of a ‘communist world-view’—providing revolutionary theories with an ideal guarantee—they will themselves have more, not fewer, opportunities to introduce and test their ideas (the ‘thought of the masses’) in the battlefield of politics, from which they had been excluded in their own name. 〖同上,174页〗
That all members of a political party should be regarded as intellectuals is an affirmation that can easily render itself to mockery and caricature. But if one thinks about it nothing could be more exact. A party might have a greater or lesser proportion of members in the higher grades or in the lower, but this is not the point. What matters is the function, which is directive and organizational, i.e. educative, i.e. intellectual.…
〖附2〗EtienneBalibar论知识分子、政党与无产阶级群众之间的关系
But the ‘party’ is a profound ambivalent form. The history of the working-class movement, from 1840s on, is a dialectic of the masses’ integration within and opposition to the party form. The existence of the working class as a political force has never been able to do without this form (even under other names), but neither has it been able to confine itself to it. In fact, the party form bears within itself a fundamental contradiction, which is precisely the source of its historical necessity. It is not only the form in which the working-class movement resists assimilation in to the dominant model of politics but also the form of in which it enters in to the model, with the goal of transforming it, like the Trojan horse. It is the only form in which the working class, and working people in general, can establish an organic relation with intellectuals in order to give body and structure to their own class (for no ‘working –class party’ has ever existed except as the relative and conflictual fusion of a portion of the working class with a determinate group of intellectuals). Conversely, it is the only form in which intellectuals, the more or less disciplined and controlled ‘products’ of the development of the bourgeois state, can establish a new social and institutional relation with ‘productive’ workers.〖《群众、阶级、观念》,同上,152页〗
In the period of the First International, Marx was the strategic arbitrator of a very embryonic movement, bit only as a mediator and arbitrator of conflicts between tendencies in the organization, not as a theoretician of the capitalist mode of production. …Marx and above all Engels were officially in charge of the party’s theoretical direction but not, strictly speaking, of its political direction, which was in the hands of the ‘organic intellectuals’ of the party apparatus, with whom they found themselves in a constantly ambivalent relation of conflict and mutual use, both trying to ‘unite’ with the working masses.…The working class becomes the blind spot of its own politics, leaving the field free for messianic ideologization.〖同上,154-5页〗
In political terms, this implies not an absolute separation or natural antagonism of knowledge and decision, or organization, but the impossibility of the total ‘fusion’, acquired once and for all, of theoretical and strategic functions. If it is the encounter, or the conflict, between theory, or rather between theories and practices, that gives rise to both knowledge and ‘politics,’ then it is certainly necessary, from time to time at least, that theory be produced outside the organization. It may even be that there are more opportunities—and not fewer—within this parallelism for the social division of labor to evolve, and that theory (as social activity) will increasingly cease to be a monopoly of individuals or of castes, a business for intellectuals, in short, for those Marx, in the beginning, called ‘ideologists.’ For if proletarians or more generally, the people from below are no longer portrayed either as completely lacking ideology (Illusionslos) or as the potential bearers, by nature of a ‘communist world-view’—providing revolutionary theories with an ideal guarantee—they will themselves have more, not fewer, opportunities to introduce and test their ideas (the ‘thought of the masses’) in the battlefield of politics, from which they had been excluded in their own name. 〖同上,174页〗
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