全球化与后进国之经济发展(6)
作者：佚名； 更新时间：2014-12-14
illiamson(1996).
23 或许是因为工会以及其它制度的力量，西欧各国中低技能工人的薪资，没有发生像美国这样大幅下降的现象，不过有人认为高失业率是其代价。
24 Cline(1997) 的测估结果是20％，亦即国际因素可以解释二成美国薪资差异的增加，而这在众多测估结果中是比较高的估计。Krugman(1995) 认为从后进国进口制造业产品的贸易量太小，约只占先进国GDP的2％，因此影响不大。
25 参见Rodrik(1997)。
26 参见Amsden(1989)对南韩以及Wade(1990)对台湾的研究。
27 Amsden(1989)就认为到了20世纪后期，因技术差距太大并且技术多为跨国公司的私产，跃进已不可能，因此如东亚之后进国就只能先靠学习(learning)，来缩小与先进国的差距。
28 参见Chang and Nolan(1995) 。
29 参见注18。
30 参见Stiglitz(1998)。
31 精细分工对劳工造成的疏离问题，技术变革必会带有便于资本统治的偏向等问题，无法在此多作讨论。
32 参见Shapiro and Taylor(1990).
33 即使如此，至今台湾的人均所得也只达美国的四成。
34 依据Pritchett(1997: Table 2)，最富与最贫的国家的人均所得之比例，在1870年为8.7，在1990年为45.2，而先进国之平均与所有其它国家平均人均所得之比，则由1870年的2.4升为1990年的4.5。
35 参见World Bank(1993: 2)。1965-1990年拉丁美洲人均所得年成长率平均为1.8％。
36 依据Pritchett(1997: 13-14)，在样本内108个后进国之中，它们在1960-1990年之间，有10％的国家其人均所得的成长率超过4％（这些成功起飞的国家主要包括东亚等国），另外有37％小于1％，26％小于0.5％，15％负成长，差异相当大。
37 如Evans(1995)讨论发展取向国家，如何能对社会同时保持密切合作关系，而又维持其相对自主性；如Robinson and White(1998)就针对以往发展取向国家必然不民主的说法，而提出民主的发展取向国家(democratic developmental state)的论述。
38 不过Yoffie(1983)认为东亚新兴工业化国家，成功的从长期发展的策略观点，来对付欧美政府所提出的短期应急的市场限制措施，用短期的让步换取长期的利益，成功的维持了贸易体系的稳定，并增加了贸易所得。
39 根据World Bank(2000: 53), 1982年尚有23％的世界出口是在GATT/WTO规范之外的，到了1997年只剩10％。
40 虽说如此，连南韩这样实力较强的后进国，也在全球化过程中、在加入OECD之后，却因为金融自由化的配套措施没做好而摔了一大跤。
41 参见Stiglitz(1999).
参考文献
汪晖，1998，〈当代中国的思想状况与现代性问题〉，刊于《文艺争鸣》。
陈添枝，1999，〈1980年代以来台湾的贸易自由化〉，发表于《1980年代以来台湾经济发展经验》学术研讨会，中华经济研究院，3月，台北。
Adams, C., D.J. Mathieson, G. Schinasi and B. Chadha, 1998. International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy issues, Washintong, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Amsden, A.H., 1989. Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-----, 1999. The Left and Globalization, Dissent, Spring, 7-9.
-----, forthcoming. The Rise of the Rest, NY: Oxford University Press.
Baker, D., G. Epstein and R. Pollin (eds.), 1998, Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhagwati, J., 1998. The Capital Myth: The Difference between Trade in Widgets and Dollars, Foreign Affairs, 77(3), May-June, 7-12.
Camops, J.E. and H.L. Root, 1995, The Key to the Asian Miracle: Making Shared Growth Credible, Washintong, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Chang, H.-J., and P. Nolan (eds.). 1995. The Transformation of the Communist Economies, London: St. Martin's.
Cline, W.R., 1997. Trade and Wage Inequality. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
-----, 1984. Exports of Manufactures from Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Evans, P., 1995. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gerschenkron, A., 1962. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Krugman, P. 1995. Technology, Trade and Factor Prices. NBER Working Paper No. 5355. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
Maddison, A., 1995. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. OECD.
Pritchett, L., 1997. Divergence, Big Time, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(3, Summer): 3-17.
Radelet, S. and J. Sachs, 1999. What Have We Learned So Far from the Asian Financial Crisis? Paper presented at the ASSA meetings in New York.
Robinson, M., and G. White (eds.), 1998. The Democratic Developmental State: Politics and Institutional Design, London: Oxford University Press.
Rodrik, D., 1998. Who Needs Capital-Account Convertibility? Essays in International Finance 207, International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, (May): 55-65.
-----, 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
Shapiro, H., and L. Taylor, 1990. The State and Industrial Strategy, World Development, 18(6), 861-78.
Stiglitz, J.E., 1994. Whither Socialism? Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
-----, 1996. Some Lessons form the East Asian Miracle, The World Bank Research Observer, August, 11(2): 151-77.
-----, 1998. Must Financial Crises Be This Frequent and This Painful? McKay Lecture, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 23.
-----, 1999. Two Principles for the Next Round; Or, How to Bring Developing Countries in from the Cold, Geneva, September 21.
UNCTAD, 1998, World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants. NY and Geneva: United Nations.
Wade, R., 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization, Princeton: Princeton UP.
Warren, B., 1980. Imperialism: Pioneer of Capitalism. London: Verso.
Williamson, Jeff, 1996. Globalization and Inequality Then and Now: The Late 19th and Late 20th Centuries Compared. NBER Working Paper No. 5491. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
Williamson, John, 1994. In Search of a Manual for Technopols, in J. Williamson (ed.), The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
Wood, A. 1995. How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(3, Summer): 57-80.
World Bank, 1993. The East Asian Miracle. NY: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
-----, 2000. World Development Report 1999/2000. NY: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
Yoffie, D.B., 1983. Power and Protectionism: Strategies of the Newly Industrializing Countries. NY: Columbia University Press.
摘要
23 或许是因为工会以及其它制度的力量，西欧各国中低技能工人的薪资，没有发生像美国这样大幅下降的现象，不过有人认为高失业率是其代价。
24 Cline(1997) 的测估结果是20％，亦即国际因素可以解释二成美国薪资差异的增加，而这在众多测估结果中是比较高的估计。Krugman(1995) 认为从后进国进口制造业产品的贸易量太小，约只占先进国GDP的2％，因此影响不大。
25 参见Rodrik(1997)。
26 参见Amsden(1989)对南韩以及Wade(1990)对台湾的研究。
27 Amsden(1989)就认为到了20世纪后期，因技术差距太大并且技术多为跨国公司的私产，跃进已不可能，因此如东亚之后进国就只能先靠学习(learning)，来缩小与先进国的差距。
28 参见Chang and Nolan(1995) 。
29 参见注18。
30 参见Stiglitz(1998)。
31 精细分工对劳工造成的疏离问题，技术变革必会带有便于资本统治的偏向等问题，无法在此多作讨论。
32 参见Shapiro and Taylor(1990).
33 即使如此，至今台湾的人均所得也只达美国的四成。
34 依据Pritchett(1997: Table 2)，最富与最贫的国家的人均所得之比例，在1870年为8.7，在1990年为45.2，而先进国之平均与所有其它国家平均人均所得之比，则由1870年的2.4升为1990年的4.5。
35 参见World Bank(1993: 2)。1965-1990年拉丁美洲人均所得年成长率平均为1.8％。
36 依据Pritchett(1997: 13-14)，在样本内108个后进国之中，它们在1960-1990年之间，有10％的国家其人均所得的成长率超过4％（这些成功起飞的国家主要包括东亚等国），另外有37％小于1％，26％小于0.5％，15％负成长，差异相当大。
37 如Evans(1995)讨论发展取向国家，如何能对社会同时保持密切合作关系，而又维持其相对自主性；如Robinson and White(1998)就针对以往发展取向国家必然不民主的说法，而提出民主的发展取向国家(democratic developmental state)的论述。
38 不过Yoffie(1983)认为东亚新兴工业化国家，成功的从长期发展的策略观点，来对付欧美政府所提出的短期应急的市场限制措施，用短期的让步换取长期的利益，成功的维持了贸易体系的稳定，并增加了贸易所得。
39 根据World Bank(2000: 53), 1982年尚有23％的世界出口是在GATT/WTO规范之外的，到了1997年只剩10％。
40 虽说如此，连南韩这样实力较强的后进国，也在全球化过程中、在加入OECD之后，却因为金融自由化的配套措施没做好而摔了一大跤。
41 参见Stiglitz(1999).
参考文献
汪晖，1998，〈当代中国的思想状况与现代性问题〉，刊于《文艺争鸣》。
陈添枝，1999，〈1980年代以来台湾的贸易自由化〉，发表于《1980年代以来台湾经济发展经验》学术研讨会，中华经济研究院，3月，台北。
Adams, C., D.J. Mathieson, G. Schinasi and B. Chadha, 1998. International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy issues, Washintong, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Amsden, A.H., 1989. Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-----, 1999. The Left and Globalization, Dissent, Spring, 7-9.
-----, forthcoming. The Rise of the Rest, NY: Oxford University Press.
Baker, D., G. Epstein and R. Pollin (eds.), 1998, Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhagwati, J., 1998. The Capital Myth: The Difference between Trade in Widgets and Dollars, Foreign Affairs, 77(3), May-June, 7-12.
Camops, J.E. and H.L. Root, 1995, The Key to the Asian Miracle: Making Shared Growth Credible, Washintong, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Chang, H.-J., and P. Nolan (eds.). 1995. The Transformation of the Communist Economies, London: St. Martin's.
Cline, W.R., 1997. Trade and Wage Inequality. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
-----, 1984. Exports of Manufactures from Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Evans, P., 1995. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gerschenkron, A., 1962. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Krugman, P. 1995. Technology, Trade and Factor Prices. NBER Working Paper No. 5355. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
Maddison, A., 1995. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. OECD.
Pritchett, L., 1997. Divergence, Big Time, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(3, Summer): 3-17.
Radelet, S. and J. Sachs, 1999. What Have We Learned So Far from the Asian Financial Crisis? Paper presented at the ASSA meetings in New York.
Robinson, M., and G. White (eds.), 1998. The Democratic Developmental State: Politics and Institutional Design, London: Oxford University Press.
Rodrik, D., 1998. Who Needs Capital-Account Convertibility? Essays in International Finance 207, International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, (May): 55-65.
-----, 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
Shapiro, H., and L. Taylor, 1990. The State and Industrial Strategy, World Development, 18(6), 861-78.
Stiglitz, J.E., 1994. Whither Socialism? Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
-----, 1996. Some Lessons form the East Asian Miracle, The World Bank Research Observer, August, 11(2): 151-77.
-----, 1998. Must Financial Crises Be This Frequent and This Painful? McKay Lecture, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 23.
-----, 1999. Two Principles for the Next Round; Or, How to Bring Developing Countries in from the Cold, Geneva, September 21.
UNCTAD, 1998, World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants. NY and Geneva: United Nations.
Wade, R., 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization, Princeton: Princeton UP.
Warren, B., 1980. Imperialism: Pioneer of Capitalism. London: Verso.
Williamson, Jeff, 1996. Globalization and Inequality Then and Now: The Late 19th and Late 20th Centuries Compared. NBER Working Paper No. 5491. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
Williamson, John, 1994. In Search of a Manual for Technopols, in J. Williamson (ed.), The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
Wood, A. 1995. How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(3, Summer): 57-80.
World Bank, 1993. The East Asian Miracle. NY: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
-----, 2000. World Development Report 1999/2000. NY: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
Yoffie, D.B., 1983. Power and Protectionism: Strategies of the Newly Industrializing Countries. NY: Columbia University Press.
摘要
