论社会分层中女性的阶级位置与阶级认同(2)
作者:佚名; 更新时间:2014-10-19
当然,进入20世纪90年代以后,更多的研究者试图采取一种折中的立场。安妮特·索伦森(Annemette Sorensen)在一篇著名的综述中就认为,当研究者需要勾画阶级结构,或者劳动市场中的性别不平等时,“个人”是一个合适的分析单位;当研究者关注家庭生活的物质状况、它的生活方式、它的利益,以及它所提供的生活机会时,则应该将“家庭”视为阶级分析的基本单位。[25]经验研究上的发现也变得更加包容,很多研究既认同传统模型的一些主张,又提出了自己的不同见解。例如,一篇以澳大利亚的数据为基础的研究指出,已婚妇女的特性并非如传统模型所说的那样没有意义,对女性来说,其自身和丈夫的特性都很重要;但是已婚男性来说,主观阶级认同却只是一种男性派生的现象(a male-derived phenomenon)。[26]约翰·齐普(John Zipp)和埃里克·普鲁特(Eric Plutzer)更是提出了一种“分层和阶级政治的动态模型”(dynamic model of stratification and class polices)。他们认为,以往的大多数研究都对阶级分析采取了一种结构进路,认为一个人现在的阶级位置形塑了其阶级利益。但是,阶级更应该被视为一个“过程”,亦即一个人的阶级认同由其过去和现在的阶级经历所塑造,因此应该将其出身伊始的、以前的和现在的阶级位置综合考虑进来。在这一思路的引导下,他们得出结论:(1)大多数伴侣的阶级认同和政治倾向是一致的,存在一种家庭阶级位置(family class position);(2)这种家庭阶级的效果与夫妻是否有共同的消费类型无关;(3)“跨阶级”家庭中夫妻一致的程度并不比“阶级相同型”家庭要低,这就削弱了个人主义视角的核心原则;(4)丈夫更容易受妻子初始的阶级位置而不是现在的阶级位置的影响,而妻子则更多地受丈夫现在的阶级位置的影响;(5)因此,一种关于阶级的动态模型比结构模型更好;(6)阶级分析的最合适单位应该是“家庭中的个人”。[27]
至此应该做一个简短的小结。虽然围绕“性别-阶级”而展开的争论自20世纪80年代以来已经成为西方社会分层研究中最为热烈的议题之一,但实事求是地说,一致性的结论还远未得出,甚至永远也不可能得出。早期的大多数争论,关注的是分层研究的基本单位(家庭还是个人),以及各种因素在决定妇女阶级位置和阶级认同上的影响;而现在,越来越多的研究开始考察和澄清阶级和性别之间相互联系的各种具体形式,研究立场和方法变得越来越多元。我们现在可以做的,是给这一争论拍一张暂时性的快照,并在吸收其合理成分的基础上,面对中国现实社会的真问题,为挑战、修正、弥补,甚至重建西方性别社会分层理论的诸假设做出自己的贡献。
① 简单地说,跨阶级的家庭,指的是妻子处于和丈夫不同的职业阶级位置上,比如妻子是全职的打字员(工人阶级),丈夫是律师(中产阶级),或相反,等等。
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