f-consciousness in Winston's diary. He also employed suspense to grab reader's interest to make Nineteen Eighty-Four an interesting novel, instead of a "political novel" as people would think. Besides, all the sufferings and torture Winston has gone through, all his vain effort to stay sane in an insane world, and the final tragic ending of the novel give it an aesthetic value of a great literary work. For all these above reasons, Nineteen Eighty-Four is profound not only in political ideas, but also in literary achievements. Orwell perfectly blended his political point of view and modern literary perspectives and techniques into this novel.

Criticisms and literary reviews on Nineteen Eighty-Four fall into many categories according to different angles or approaches. It is impossible to list all of them here.

 Firstly, some criticists approach the novel using the archetypal method and Freud's psychoanalysis.

The central conflict of the individual's rebellion against the State reenacts the Christian myth of man's first disobedience, Adam's against God. For in each novel there is a god figure, the embodiment of the State, who demands absolute adoration and obedience. And in each there is an Adam-like protagonist who, for love of an Eve, defies this god by asserting his instinctual freedom and thus "falls" from the utopianistic new Eden. This mythic conflict Adam rebelling against the atavist god figure-is a fictional manifestation of the psychic conflict that Freud posited between the individual and society. This quotation shows that Gorman Beauchamp tries to compare the themes of two dystopian novels by using archetypal criticism. He observes there were a God-like figure and an Adam-like figure in each novel. And he further illustrates the conflict between the two figures as the one between the individual and community by referring to Freud's theory.

Secondly, some criticisms study the novel from the humanist point of view. Canadian Scholar Anthony Stewart writes in his dissertation George Orwell, doubleness and the Value of Decency: Orwell teaches us how to see what is common between us-our common humanity. His instruction is to treat one another decently, as befitting that humanity. In order to accomplish this goal, we must be able to see ourselves doubly, that is, to see ourselves and our own interests but also to see these in relation to the selves and interests of others.…The ability to see the world from other than one's own perspective was for him a crucial and lifelong pursuit and finds expression in much of his writing.[1] In this case, Orwell's major works including Nineteen Eighty-Four are studied from humanistic perspective. Stewart stresses the interpersonal relationships to illustrate the humanist and individualist needs of heroes, like Winston and Julia in Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Thirdly, there are criticisms analyzing the book from the aspect of the relationship between language and politics. Orwell's direct and concise language style has aroused many interests. In this aspect, Zhang Zhuli writes that "Orwell intends language to be a free tool of thought, but in Ingsoc of 1984 and in his own times, the concrete is absorbed into the abstract, so that words are more and more used not for conveying, but for annihilating meaning and preventing ideas."[2] She explains the implication behind Orwell's stylish Language. Orwell wanted to point out the negative: influence of politics on language. At this point he succeeded in demonstrating how ideology would affect people's life in Nineteen Eighty-Four.       

Fourthly, some other criticisms approach the book by comparing contemporary political issues with the social problems reflected in Nineteen Eighty-Four.

 As a radical writer, Orwell was deeply influenced by democratic ideas. These ideas are permeated throughout Nineteen Eighty-Four. The criticisms I have read on Nineteen Eighty-Four seem not to have included systematic and thorough study on this aspect of the book.